View this article online: https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2015/08/19/378978.htm
A decade after Hurricane Katrina caused $41 billion in property/casualty insurance losses, the most expensive catastrophe for the global insurance industry, rising sea levels are driving up expected economic and insurance losses from hurricane-driven storm surge in coastal cities across the United States, according to RMS, the catastrophe risk management firm.
California-based RMS assessed risk in six U.S. coastal cities to determine how losses from storm surge, defined as wind-driven coastal flooding, are expected to change through 2100.
The RMS analysis finds that Tampa, Miami and New York face a greater risk of a major economic loss of at least $15 billion due to flooding than does New Orleans.
By 2100, the sea-level rise near New Orleans is expected to be greater than 1.3 meters (4.3 feet), increasing the chance of catastrophic citywide flooding by more than four times unless further improvements are made to raise flood defenses by an equivalent height.
“Looking forward, New Orleans is faced with a double-whammy. The land on which the city is built is sinking, even faster than the sea levels are rising,” said Dr. Robert Muir-Wood, chief research officer at RMS. “As a result, the rise in flood heights is much faster than at any other city along the U.S. coast.”
However, RMS analysis shows that, due to significant investments in improved flood defenses and reduced exposures, the annual chance of a storm surge today causing at least $15 billion in economic loss – the amount caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 – is currently much lower in Orleans Parish than for cities such as Miami, New York and Tampa.
The study shows that currently, Tampa faces the highest risk among the six cities included in the study, with a 1-in-80 annual chance of experiencing a $15 billion storm surge loss. Miami faces a 1-in-125 chance, New York a 1-in-200 chance and New Orleans a 1-in-440 chance.
RMS models show those likelihoods are expected to increase greatly over time – by up to 350 percent in some cities by 2100. The chance of a storm surge event causing at least $15 billion in economic losses, using today’s dollar values and exposures, in 2100 rises to 1-in-30 in Tampa, 1-in-30 in Miami, 1-in-45 in New York and 1-in-315 in New Orleans.
| Current | 2030 | 2070 | 2100 | |
| Baltimore | Slimmer than 1-in-1 million | |||
| Boston | Slimmer than 1-in-1 million | |||
| Miami | 1-in-125 | 1-in-90 | 1-in-45 | 1-in-30 |
| New Orleans* | 1-in-440 | 1-in-380 | 1-in-345 | 1-in-315 |
| New York | 1-in-200 | 1-in-130 | 1-in-75 | 1-in-45 |
| Tampa | 1-in-80 | 1-in-65 | 1-in-45 | 1-in-30 |
Chance that an event will cause at least $15 billion in economic losses from storm surge in a given year, according to RMS modeling. All dollar amounts are in 2015 dollars.
Another way to demonstrate storm surge risk over time is to look at changing economic losses at the 100-year return period – the standard metric used by the global insurance industry to calculate the cost of risk.
According to RMS models, economic storm surge losses at the 100-year return period in New York are $9 billion today – meaning there is a one percent chance of at least that amount of losses occurring in a given year. By 2100, the figure more than doubles to $23 billion. For comparison, Superstorm Sandy in 2012 caused just over $15 billion in losses from storm surge in the city of New York.
Similarly large increases in 100-year return period surge losses were found for Tampa and Miami. There is a one percent chance that Tampa will experience at least $17 billion in economic storm surge losses this year. In 2100, that number rises to $25 billion. Miami’s 100-year surge losses rise from $13 billion today to $33 billion in 2100.
| Current | 2030 | 2070 | 2100 | |
| Baltimore | $126 million | $214 million | $360 million | $487 million |
| Boston | $476 million | $748 million | $1.1 billion | $1.5 billion |
| Miami | $13 billion | $17 billion | $25 billion | $33 billion |
| New Orleans | $411 million | $414 million | $625 million | $836 million |
| New York | $9 billion | $13 billion | $18 billion | $23 billion |
| Tampa | $17 billion | $19 billion | $22 billion | $25 billion |
100-year return period storm surge losses – the economic loss that has a one percent chance of being exceeded in any given year – according to RMS modeling. Amounts in 2015 dollars.
“Hurricane Katrina was the first time in decades that more than 50 percent of losses from a hurricane resulted from storm surge,” said Muir-Wood. “Katrina can be seen as a milestone in the long-term shift from ‘wind’ to ‘water’ as the main driver of hurricane loss. In 2012, Superstorm Sandy had more than 60 percent of its losses caused by storm surge flooding.”
Due to sea-level rise, by 2100 storm surge is expected to generate more than half of the economic losses that result from hurricane in the U.S. across hurricane-exposed states.
Muir-Wood said the RMS analysis does not take into account the potential further impact of changes in hurricane frequency and severity that may also occur over this time, but for which there is as yet no scientific consensus.
According to a June, 2014 report by data and analytics firm CoreLogic, more than 6.6 million homes along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts are at risk of storm surge inundation, representing nearly $1.5 trillion in total potential reconstruction costs. More than $986 billion of that risk is concentrated within 15 major metro areas.
CoreLogic found that Florida has the most properties across all risk levels, with 2.5 million. Louisiana (760,272), New York (464,534), New Jersey (446,148), Texas (441,304) and Virginia (420,052) were states with the most properties at risk of storm surge.
Regions with the highest number of homes at risk and the greatest potential construction value in CoreLogic’s report are: The New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania area of New York-Newark; Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, Fla.; Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, Fla.; the Virginia and North Carolina region of Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News; and New Orleans-Metairie, La.
An October 2014 report by the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) found that flooding during high tides could worsen to the point that sections of coastal cities may flood so often they would become unusable in the near future.
The Cambridge, Mass. group’s study, “Encroaching Tides: How Sea Level Rise and Tidal Flooding Threaten U.S. East and Gulf Coast Communities over the Next 30 Years,” looks at how often 52 cities from Portland, Maine to Freeport, Texas have flooded in the past and are expected to flood in the future. In the next 15 years, most of the towns analyzed could see a tripling in the number of high-tide floods each year and, in 30 years, a ten-fold increase compared to historic levels, according to the analysis.
Infographic Source: RMS
